Lecture

Philosophers and Kings: Plato, Republic, III-IV

This module continues the exploration of Plato's Republic, focusing on the roles of different figures in the dialogue. Topics include:

  • Challenges to Polemarchus' views on justice.
  • The relationship between friends and enemies.
  • The assertion that knowledge underpins all virtues.

Students will gain insights into the philosophical arguments presented, enriching their understanding of justice and virtue in the context of Plato's work.


Course Lectures
  • This module introduces the field of political philosophy, focusing on its nature and scope. Professor Smith explores fundamental questions such as:

    • What is the best regime?
    • What constitutes good citizenship?

    Through the lens of Plato's Apology, students engage with the foundational concepts of political life, paving the way for deeper exploration in subsequent modules.

  • This module emphasizes the significance of Plato's Apology as an introductory text in political philosophy. It focuses on:

    • The violation of free expression represented in the text.
    • Socrates’ defense of philosophy and its relevance to political life.

    Students will analyze how Socrates justifies his philosophical way of life, offering insights into the relationship between philosophy and politics.

  • In this module, students examine Socrates' proposed idea of citizenship as presented in the Crito. Key themes include:

    • The contrast between traditional citizenship and Socratic philosophical citizenship.
    • The principles of civil obedience and piety.
    • The duties of citizens to uphold community laws.

    The dialogue, set in Socrates’ prison cell, serves as a critical reflection on the responsibilities of individuals within their society.

  • Plato's Republic I-II
    Steven B. Smith

    This module introduces Plato's Republic, focusing on its multifaceted meanings related to:

    • Moral psychology and justice.
    • The power of poetry and myth.
    • Metaphysical concepts.

    Students will explore the Republic as a utopian vision, highlighting Plato's ideal city, Kallipolis, and its implications for moral and political philosophy.

  • This module continues the exploration of Plato's Republic, focusing on the roles of different figures in the dialogue. Topics include:

    • Challenges to Polemarchus' views on justice.
    • The relationship between friends and enemies.
    • The assertion that knowledge underpins all virtues.

    Students will gain insights into the philosophical arguments presented, enriching their understanding of justice and virtue in the context of Plato's work.

  • This module concludes the discussion of Plato's Republic by examining the theme of self-control. Key discussions include:

    • Adeimantus' speech on self-control.
    • Socrates' views on thumos, or spiritedness.
    • The platonic notion of justice as harmony.

    Students will reflect on how these ideas relate to both virtuous and tyrannical ambitions in public life.

  • This module introduces Aristotle's life and works, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of his treatises, particularly his political writings. Students will explore:

    • Aristotle's view of man as a political animal.
    • The naturalness of the city and community.
    • Thematic connections between his various works.

    Understanding Aristotle's broad contributions will set the foundation for deeper discussions in the subsequent modules.

  • This module discusses Aristotle's comparative approach to politics, particularly through his examination of regimes. Students will learn about:

    • Formal rights and duties within communities.
    • Distinctive customs and moral dispositions.
    • How regimes shape identity and character.

    By analyzing these concepts, students will appreciate Aristotle's insights into the formation of political communities.

  • This final module on Aristotle focuses on conflict management between factions. Key concepts include:

    • The idea of polity as a balance between oligarchy and democracy.
    • How Aristotle's ideas anticipate modern concepts of governance.
    • The importance of avoiding extremes in political organization.

    Students will connect Aristotle's theories to contemporary discussions on governance and stability.

  • Machiavelli, The Prince
    Steven B. Smith

    This module introduces Machiavelli and the political context of Renaissance Florence. Students will explore:

    • Machiavelli's role as a founder of the modern state.
    • The reconfiguration of elements from Christian and classical traditions.
    • The concept of princes as new political leaders.

    Understanding Machiavelli's innovations will provide insights into the evolution of political organization.

  • This module continues the analysis of Machiavelli's The Prince, emphasizing his definitions of virtue and vice. Key topics include:

    • The transformation of moral concepts in politics.
    • Machiavelli's notions of virtu and fortuna.
    • The philosophical implications of "dirty hands" in governance.

    Students will critically engage with Machiavelli's provocative ideas on political ethics and morality.

  • This module introduces Thomas Hobbes and his political philosophy, often seen as paradoxical. Topics covered include:

    • Hobbes' defense of political absolutism.
    • The paradox of human equality and the social contract.
    • Hobbes' views on civil peace and security.

    Students will explore how Hobbes' ideas contribute to contemporary discussions on sovereignty and governance.

  • This module focuses on Hobbes' concept of the "state of nature" and its implications for individual rights and governance. Key discussions include:

    • The absence of authority and its consequences.
    • Hobbes' view of the individual and their will.
    • Natural laws and their moral implications.

    Students will critically analyze Hobbes' theories in the context of modern political thought.

  • This final module on Hobbes discusses his concept of sovereignty. Key themes include:

    • Defining the sovereign as an office rather than an individual.
    • Hobbes' distinctions between just and good laws.
    • The relevance of Hobbes' ideas to modern state governance.

    Students will consider how Hobbes' theories continue to influence contemporary political discourse.

  • This module explores John Locke's profound influence on political philosophy and American democracy. Key topics include:

    • Locke's advocacy for natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
    • The legitimacy of government through consent.
    • Locke's impact on the Declaration of Independence.

    Students will analyze how Locke's theories transformed earlier concepts into a liberal constitutional framework.

  • This module continues to explore Locke's Second Treatise, particularly his views on human beginnings and property rights. Key discussions include:

    • Locke's account of the condition of nature.
    • The concept of property acquired through labor.
    • The implications of natural law and government by consent.

    Students will reflect on how Locke's ideas contribute to the understanding of individual rights and governance.

  • This module addresses Locke's views on the executive and legislative branches in his constitutional theory. Key topics include:

    • The relationship between executive and legislative powers.
    • Locke's influence on the American regime.
    • Connections to contemporary political philosophy, including John Rawls.

    Students will explore how Locke's ideas continue to resonate in modern discussions of governance and justice.

  • This module introduces Rousseau's life and his contributions to the Enlightenment. Key themes include:

    • The historical context in France post-Louis XIV.
    • Rousseau's exploration of inequality and human nature.
    • The qualities of perfectibility, compassion, and goodness.

    Students will analyze Rousseau's writings and their implications for understanding the development of modern political thought.

  • This module continues the analysis of Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality, focusing on the concept of amour-propre. Key discussions include:

    • The psychological dimensions of pride and vanity.
    • The role of the social contract in securing individual liberty.
    • The conflict between individual freedom and collective rights.

    Students will explore Rousseau's solutions to these conflicts through the idea of the general will.

  • This module examines Rousseau's concept of the general will in his Social Contract. Key themes include:

    • The general will as a solution to inequality and discontent.
    • The foundation of the social contract in achieving freedom.
    • Rousseau's legacy in political thought.

    Students will assess how Rousseau's ideas influenced later political philosophies and movements.

  • This module introduces Tocqueville and his analysis of democracy in America. Key discussions include:

    • The relationship between freedom and equality in democracies.
    • Tocqueville's observations on social power and liberty.
    • The implications for France and the restoration of monarchy.

    Students will explore Tocqueville's insights as a reflection of broader democratic trends in the 19th century.

  • This module continues the exploration of Tocqueville's Democracy in America, focusing on key features of American democracy. Topics include:

    • The significance of local government and civil associations.
    • The spirit of religion in shaping democratic values.
    • Tocqueville's concerns about potential democratic tyranny.

    Students will critically engage with Tocqueville's insights into the complexities of democratic governance.

  • This final module on Tocqueville explores the moral and psychological aspects of democracy. Key discussions include:

    • The qualities of the democratic individual and character.
    • The ethic of self-interest versus fame and glory.
    • The role of statesmen in a democratic society.

    Students will assess Tocqueville's contributions as a political educator and the implications of his work for modern democratic practice.

  • In Defense of Politics
    Steven B. Smith

    In this concluding module, the course defends the importance of politics. Key themes include:

    • Definitions of "politics" and "the political" from various thinkers.
    • Discussions on patriotism, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism.
    • The essential role of educators and classic texts in political understanding.

    Students will reflect on the enduring relevance of political philosophy in contemporary society.