Lecture

Russian Formalism

This module introduces Russian Formalism and its distinction from hermeneutics. Key discussions include:

  • Insights from Boris Eikhenbaum's essays on major Russian formalists.
  • Understanding the philosophical influences of Marxism and Darwinism on formalism.
  • Clarifying crucial formalist distinctions between plot and story, and poetic versus practical language.

Students will gain an understanding of how these distinctions shape literary interpretation in Russian literature.


Course Lectures
  • This module introduces the foundational concepts of literary theory and its relationship to philosophy, literature, and modern criticism. Professor Paul Fry navigates through major philosophical inquiries, examining:

    • The definition of literature and its societal roles.
    • The emergence of literary theory within the fabric of modern criticism.
    • Key thinkers such as Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud and their influences on contemporary literary discourse.

    By situating these ideas historically, the module sets the stage for understanding the evolution of literary theory in the twentieth century.

  • Continuing the exploration of literary theory, this module delves into the complex interplay of skepticism and determinism within discourse. Key elements include:

    • A close reading of Chekhov's Cherry Orchard and James's The Ambassadors.
    • Critical examinations of Foucault's "What Is an Author" and Barthes' "The Death of the Author."
    • Historical contexts surrounding these critical paradigms and their implications for cultural studies.

    The discussions challenge the authority of literary texts and the roles of authors and readers.

  • This module focuses on hermeneutics, the theory of interpretation and understanding in literature. Professor Fry discusses:

    • The origins and evolution of hermeneutic thought in Western literature.
    • The concept of the hermeneutic circle and its significance for reading practices.
    • The contributions of thinkers like Gadamer, Heidegger, and Hirsch, particularly regarding historicism and historicality.

    By analyzing these elements, students will gain insight into the interpretive processes that shape literary understanding.

  • This module continues the discussion on hermeneutics, focusing on the relationship between reading and interpretation. Key topics include:

    • Comparative analysis of Gadamer and Hirsch on meaning versus significance.
    • Understanding paraphrasing and the reader's engagement with the text.
    • Wolfgang Iser's "The Reading Process" and the dynamics of textual expectation and surprise.

    Through this exploration, students will appreciate the critical premises that influence literary canon formation.

  • In this module, the origins of formalist literary criticism are examined, particularly through the lens of New Criticism. Key points include:

    • The emphasis on the "poem" as a site for literary analysis.
    • Exploration of the concept of autonomous art in the works of Kant, Coleridge, and Wilde.
    • Discussion of Wimsatt and Beardsley's categories of evidence within New Criticism.

    This module provides a critical foundation for understanding the formalist approach to literary texts.

  • This module further explores formalism, focusing on the implications of Wimsatt and Beardsley's theories through practical literary examples. Topics covered include:

    • Application of formalist theory to Yeats's "Lapis Lazuli."
    • The evolution of Anglo-American formalism from Modernist literature.
    • A comparative analysis of I. A. Richards and William Empson’s contributions to literary formalism.

    The module concludes with Cleanth Brooks's ideas on unity within literary texts.

  • Russian Formalism
    Paul H Fry

    This module introduces Russian Formalism and its distinction from hermeneutics. Key discussions include:

    • Insights from Boris Eikhenbaum's essays on major Russian formalists.
    • Understanding the philosophical influences of Marxism and Darwinism on formalism.
    • Clarifying crucial formalist distinctions between plot and story, and poetic versus practical language.

    Students will gain an understanding of how these distinctions shape literary interpretation in Russian literature.

  • This module delves into semiotics and structuralism, focusing on Ferdinand de Saussure's foundational contributions. Key topics include:

    • The relationship between semiotics, hermeneutics, New Criticism, and Russian formalism.
    • Exploration of key semiotic binaries such as langue and parole, signifier and signified.
    • Applying semiotic theory to practical examples, including the interpretation of a "red light."

    Students will learn how semiotic theory informs literary analysis and understanding of texts.

  • In this module, students explore the intersection of linguistics and literature through the work of Roman Jakobson. Key discussions will cover:

    • Jakobson's exploration of synchrony and diachrony in literary contexts.
    • Claude Levi-Strauss's structural interpretation of the Oedipus myth.
    • Jakobson's poetic functions and a detailed analysis of the sentence "It is raining" from multiple perspectives.

    This module emphasizes the significance of linguistic theory in the study of literature.

  • Deconstruction I
    Paul H Fry

    This module introduces deconstruction, focusing on Jacques Derrida's influential theories. Key components include:

    • An overview of Derrida's works: "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of Human Sciences" and "Différance."
    • A critique of structuralism and semiotics, particularly the contributions of Levi-Strauss and Saussure.
    • Exploration of deconstruction's core assertions regarding language, meaning, and the nature of the text.

    Students will engage with foundational concepts that challenge conventional literary interpretation.

  • Deconstruction II
    Paul H Fry

    This module continues the exploration of deconstruction, focusing on Paul de Man's contributions alongside Derrida's theories. Key points include:

    • De Man's relationship with Derrida and their shared and divergent ideas.
    • An analysis of "self-deconstruction" and its implications for literary criticism.
    • Discussion on the rhetoricization of grammar and examples from literature to illustrate these concepts.

    This module aims to deepen understanding of deconstruction's role in literary theory.

  • Freud and Fiction
    Paul H Fry

    In this module, Professor Fry examines the interplay between Freud's theories and literary creation. The key topics include:

    • The relationship between authorship and the psyche through Freudian concepts.
    • Peter Brooks' interpretation of the pleasure principle and its revision.
    • The impact of Freudian principles on narrative structures, with examples.

    By the end of the module, students will understand the psychological dimensions influencing literary production.

  • This module delves into Jacques Lacan's psychoanalytic critique within literary theory. Key discussions include:

    • Lacan's critique of post-Freudian psychology and his focus on the "mirror stage."
    • Exploration of the relationship between metaphor, metonymy, and the point de capiton.
    • Understanding the correlation between language and the unconscious, as well as the distinction between desire and need.

    Students will gain insights into how Lacanian thought informs literary analysis.

  • This module introduces the concept of the postmodern psyche through the works of Deleuze, Guattari, and Žižek. Key topics include:

    • Defining the postmodern through examples in visual arts and architecture.
    • Deleuze and Guattari's rhizomatic thinking and its implications.
    • Žižek's film criticism and its connections to Lacanian theories.

    Students will explore how these theories shape contemporary understandings of literature and culture.

  • This module examines the social dimensions of literature through the works of Bakhtin and Jauss. Key discussions include:

    • Bakhtin's concept of heteroglossia and its implications for language and literature.
    • Jauss's reception theory and its historical context.
    • Close readings of texts, including Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Borges's "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote."

    Students will learn how social contexts influence the interpretation of literary works.

  • This module explores the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory, concentrating on the works of Adorno and Benjamin. Key areas of focus include:

    • The historical and political contexts of their theoretical writings.
    • Adorno's critique of mechanical reproduction and its implications for art and labor.
    • Benjamin's ideas on distraction and shock in relation to aesthetic experience.

    Students will understand how critical theory informs the relationship between art and society.

  • This module examines Fredric Jameson's "The Political Unconscious," exploring Marxist literary criticism. Key discussions will include:

    • Jameson's interpretive frameworks: political, social, and historical.
    • Analysis of texts such as Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" and Shakespeare's sonnets.
    • The relationship between ideologemes and individual thought, juxtaposed with Bakhtin and Levi-Strauss.

    Students will engage with the interplay of literature and politics through Jameson's theories.

  • The New Historicism
    Paul H Fry

    This module introduces the New Historicism through the works of Greenblatt and McGann. Key discussions include:

    • The origins of New Historicism in Early Modern literary studies.
    • Common strategies and evidence used by New Historicists.
    • Juxtaposition of Greenblatt's reliance on Foucault with McGann's Bakhtinian approach.

    Students will understand how historical contexts shape literary interpretation and critical approaches.

  • This module covers the classical feminist tradition in literary criticism, focusing on Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own. Key topics include:

    • The structure and rhetoric of Woolf's work and its impact on feminist thought.
    • Analysis of female novelists like Austen, Eliot, and the Brontës.
    • The contributions of feminist critics and the logocentric approach to gender theory.

    Students will gain insights into the evolution of feminist criticism and its significance in literary studies.

  • This module examines trends in African-American criticism, focusing on the contributions of Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Toni Morrison. Key discussions include:

    • A brief history of African-American literature and criticism.
    • The relationship of African-American criticism to feminist theory.
    • Key issues in cultural studies, including essentialism and identity.

    Students will explore the intersections of identity, culture, and criticism within African-American literary studies.

  • This lecture delves into post-colonial theory, focusing on influential figures like Edward Said and Homi K. Bhabha. The discussion begins by examining the term "post-colonial," highlighting its complex origins and definitions. Key concepts explored include:

    • Ambivalence
    • Hybridity
    • Double consciousness

    Additionally, the lecture applies Elaine Showalter's phasic development theory to the representation of female identities within post-colonial contexts. The interplay between Bhabha's sly civility and Gates's concept of "signifyin'" is analyzed, emphasizing the semiotic foundation of both theories.

  • This lecture focuses on queer theory and the concept of gender performativity, primarily through the lenses of Judith Butler and Michel Foucault. Key aspects of the discussion include:

    • Differences in terminology and methodology between Butler and Foucault
    • Butler's emphasis on performance as central to identity
    • Foucault's notions of "power-knowledge" and "the deployment of alliance"

    Moreover, the lecture explores Butler's ontological concerns, drawing comparisons to Levi-Strauss's ideas on the raw and the cooked. The session concludes with a critical examination of identity politics, contrasting Butler's arguments with perspectives from post-colonial and African-American theorists.

  • This lecture examines the institutional construction of literary study through the works of Stanley Fish and John Guillory. The discussion begins with an analysis of Tony the Tow Truck, which serves as a case study for understanding literary identities. Key points include:

    • A chronological exploration of Fish's theory of interpretive communities
    • A close reading of Milton's Paradise Lost through Fish's lens
    • Guillory's insights on interpretive communities and the impact of the culture wars

    The session also addresses the ongoing debates surrounding the Western canon and multiculturalism, highlighting how institutional frameworks shape literary interpretation.

  • Neo-Pragmatism
    Paul H Fry

    This lecture engages with neo-pragmatism as articulated by Knapp and Michaels in their pivotal article "Against Theory." The discussion covers several key areas:

    • The historical context surrounding Knapp and Michaels's arguments
    • Definitions of key concepts such as intention, meaning, language, and speech
    • A detailed examination of Wordsworth's "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal" to illustrate limits of meaning

    Through this exploration, the lecture argues for the necessity of theory in literary studies, challenging the notion that theory is irrelevant or detrimental to understanding literature.

  • Reflections
    Paul H Fry

    In this concluding lecture, Professor Fry revisits and synthesizes the key themes of the course, focusing particularly on the relationships among language, speech, intention, and communication. The exploration covers:

    • Defining theory as a tool for scrutinizing communication
    • Revisiting significant theorists such as New Critics, Jakobson, Bakhtin, Saussure, de Man, Fish, and Knapp and Michaels
    • Analyzing various literary forms, including epitaphs and children's stories like Tony the Tow Truck

    The session emphasizes the central role of language in understanding diverse literary theories and reflects on the course's overarching themes.