This module continues exploring Kantian ethics, focusing on the implications of lying and the inherent dignity of truth-telling. Sandel presents a hypothetical scenario where lying could protect a friend, prompting debate about the moral weight of honesty.
Additionally, students are introduced to John Rawls and his theories on justice, particularly the concept of fair principles. Rawls argues that just principles would be those chosen without unfair advantages, leading to discussions about fairness and societal structures.
This module introduces a profound moral dilemma: the choice between killing one person to save five others or doing nothing while witnessing their deaths. Professor Sandel uses this scenario to explore the complexities of moral reasoning. Students engage in deep discussions about the value of life and the ethical implications of their choices.
Furthermore, the module examines a real-life case of cannibalism involving a shipwrecked crew, highlighting utilitarian principles as introduced by Jeremy Bentham. This thought-provoking content sets the stage for a robust exploration of ethics.
This module delves into the controversial practice of placing monetary values on human life through cost-benefit analysis. Sandel presents contemporary cases where this utilitarian approach has been applied, prompting students to question the ethics behind such evaluations.
Students engage in debate regarding the implications of prioritizing majority happiness over individual rights. This critical examination leads to a discussion of J.S. Mill's attempt to defend utilitarianism, introducing the concept of higher and lower pleasures and challenging students to consider what constitutes genuine happiness.
This module focuses on the libertarian perspective on taxation, presenting arguments that view redistributive taxation as akin to forced labor. Sandel uses relatable examples, referencing figures like Bill Gates and Michael Jordan to illustrate the debate.
Students discuss the moral obligations of paying taxes in a progressive system, exploring whether wealth should be redistributed and how luck factors into financial success. A team of students takes on the libertarian viewpoint, defending individual rights against the concept of taxation for the common good.
This module examines John Locke's philosophy on natural rights, arguing that individuals possess inherent rights to life, liberty, and property. Sandel discusses how these rights exist in a "state of nature" and cannot be surrendered.
Students engage in discussions about the implications of consent in governance, particularly regarding taxation. Locke's notion of "tacit consent" is explored, questioning whether living in a society binds individuals to laws they may not agree with, fostering a rich debate on civic obligations and rights.
This module discusses the ethics of conscription and the ability to evade military service through hiring substitutes. Students debate the fairness of allowing wealthier individuals to avoid danger while less privileged citizens are compelled to serve.
Additionally, Sandel explores the principle of free-market exchange concerning reproductive rights, referencing the business of egg and sperm donation and the legal battle surrounding "Baby M." This prompts discussions about informed consent, the morality of commodifying human life, and the nature of maternal rights.
This module introduces Immanuel Kant's philosophy, which emphasizes that morality is rooted in duty rather than outcomes. Sandel challenges students to consider the moral worth of actions performed out of duty and the rejection of utilitarianism.
Students learn about Kant's "supreme principle of morality," which posits that actions should be guided by a sense of duty, transcending self-interest. A compelling true story about a young spelling bee contestant illustrates Kant's theories, sparking discussions about integrity and moral actions.
This module continues exploring Kantian ethics, focusing on the implications of lying and the inherent dignity of truth-telling. Sandel presents a hypothetical scenario where lying could protect a friend, prompting debate about the moral weight of honesty.
Additionally, students are introduced to John Rawls and his theories on justice, particularly the concept of fair principles. Rawls argues that just principles would be those chosen without unfair advantages, leading to discussions about fairness and societal structures.
This module discusses the fairness of meritocracy and its limitations, as argued by John Rawls. Sandel challenges students to consider whether success is truly earned, given that many advantages are based on arbitrary factors such as birth order.
Through engaging discussions, students explore the fairness of income disparities in society, comparing salaries of different professions to question what constitutes just compensation. This module stimulates critical thinking about equity and individual merit in contemporary contexts.
This module tackles the complex issue of affirmative action through a significant court case involving Cheryl Hopwood. Sandel facilitates discussions on the pros and cons of affirmative action, examining the arguments for and against its implementation.
Furthermore, the module introduces Aristotle's perspective on justice, emphasizing the importance of purpose in distribution. Students engage in debates regarding the role of virtues in determining the most suitable individuals for specific roles in society.
This module explores Aristotle's concept of the "good citizen" and the purpose of politics in promoting civic virtue. Sandel discusses the case of Casey Martin, a disabled golfer, leading to debates about the nature and purpose of golf.
Additionally, the module examines the tension between individual rights and the notion of fitting into societal roles. Students engage in discussions about whether Aristotle's views restrict personal freedom, bringing contemporary relevance to ancient philosophical ideas.
This final module addresses the complexities of obligations and loyalties within communities. Sandel discusses the concept of communitarianism, emphasizing the responsibilities we owe to our communities beyond universal duties.
Students debate the conflicts that arise when community obligations clash with global responsibilities, examining whether loyalty to one's country is a virtue or a prejudice. This thought-provoking module culminates in discussions about the implications for universal human rights.
This module centers on the heated debate surrounding same-sex marriage, prompting students to consider the moral principles that underpin their views. Sandel encourages discourse on whether legal recognition of same-sex marriage can be justified without addressing deeper moral questions.
In the concluding discussions, Sandel argues that government must engage with moral issues, advocating for a politics rooted in the common good. This module encapsulates the course's key themes, encouraging students to reflect on the moral fabric of society.