Course

France Since 1871

Yale University

This course delves into the emergence of modern France through a comprehensive examination of key themes and events. Topics covered include:

  • Social, economic, and political transformations in France
  • The impact of revolutionary heritage and industrialization
  • The dislocation caused by the two world wars
  • Political responses from both the Left and Right to evolving French society

Through a combination of historical figures and the lives of ordinary people, students will gain a nuanced understanding of France's journey since 1871.

Course Lectures
  • This introductory module sets the stage for the course by presenting an overview of the syllabus and key texts. Professor Merriman will discuss:

    • The significance of national and linguistic identity in France
    • The impact of the two world wars on society
    • Key historical figures and the experiences of everyday citizens

    Students will understand the multifaceted nature of French history and the themes that will be explored throughout the course.

  • The Paris Commune of 1871 serves as a pivotal moment in French history, representing revolutionary fervor and its aftermath. This module will cover:

    • The significance and impact of the Commune on European politics
    • The social challenges faced, including food shortages and disease
    • Progressive social measures initiated during the Commune
    • The brutal reprisals that followed and their long-term effects on leftist movements

    Students will analyze the Commune's legacy and its implications for future political ideologies in France.

  • This module examines the evolution of the French state into a centralized republic, shaped by historical events. Key topics include:

    • The origins of France's centralized state post-French Revolution
    • The relationship between Paris and non-Parisian regions
    • The establishment of the enduring republic in 1875 amidst competing political claims
    • The role of workers and peasants in supporting the republic

    Students will assess how centralization has influenced regional identities and political dynamics in France.

  • This module investigates the development of French national identity, particularly in rural areas. Students will explore:

    • The evolution of a French national identity amidst regional dialects
    • The modernization of the French language and its impact
    • The coexistence of local cultural practices and official discourse
    • How identity formation reflects the complexities of modern France

    By examining these elements, students will understand the nuanced relationship between national and regional identities in France.

  • Workshop and Factory
    John Merriman

    This module focuses on the evolving role of religion in France post-Revolution. Key discussions include:

    • Two forms of de-Christianization: political separation and decline in practice
    • The historical significance of church and state separation
    • The ambiguous decline in religious participation and its cultural implications
    • The enduring influence of Catholicism in French culture

    Students will analyze how these changes affected social values and individual beliefs throughout modern French history.

  • This module examines the effects of the Industrial Revolution on French society, emphasizing the role of artisan workers. Key points include:

    • The significance of non-factory occupations in the industrial landscape
    • The emergence of labor movements led by artisan workers
    • The notion of industrial discipline imposed by factories
    • Workers' rebellion against industrial discipline, often manifesting in strikes

    Students will understand the broader societal impacts of industrialization beyond mere factory work.

  • This module delves into the rise of mass politics and socialism in France, focusing on the ideological divide between revolutionary and reformist socialists. Key discussions include:

    • The competition between revolutionary socialists and reform socialists
    • Key figures in the socialist movement: Jules Guesdes and Paul Brousse
    • The impact of Jean Jaures on shaping French socialism
    • Historical context of socialism's evolution in political discourse

    Students will learn about the complexities and conflicts within the socialist movement that influenced French politics.

  • This module examines the anarchist movement in France during the late nineteenth century. Key topics include:

    • The differences between anarchists and other leftist movements, such as syndicalism
    • Emile Henry's role in modern terrorism and radical politics
    • The impact of anarchist violence on state and civilian life
    • The relationship between individual acts of terrorism and state terrorism

    Students will analyze the motivations and consequences of anarchist actions within the broader political landscape of France.

  • This module focuses on two major crises in nineteenth-century France: the Boulanger Affair and the Dreyfus Affair. Discussions will cover:

    • The emergence of anti-Semitism and its connection to Far Right politics
    • The impact of the German conquest of Alsace and Lorraine on nationalism
    • The role of popular media in shaping political orientations
    • The societal repercussions of these political crises

    Students will analyze how these events reflect the tensions in French society during this era.

  • This module examines the cultural significance of cafes and alcohol in French society. Key discussions include:

    • The historical role of drinking in French culture
    • Alcohol abuse and its societal implications
    • Literary representations of alcoholism, notably Zola's L'Assomoir
    • The social functions of different types of bars and their cultural significance

    Students will gain insights into how alcohol shapes social interactions and cultural identity in France.

  • This module explores the transformation of Paris during the Belle Époque, emphasizing urban development and class division. Key topics include:

    • The rebuilding of Paris under Napoleon III and Baron Haussmann
    • The impact of industrial development on city structure
    • The persistent class division between central Paris and its periphery
    • Comparative analysis of urban structures in American cities versus Paris

    Students will analyze how urban planning and industrialization shaped social dynamics in modern Paris.

  • French Imperialism
    Charles Keith

    This module examines the role of French imperialism in shaping national identity and cultural self-presentation. Key discussions include:

    • The colonial properties as a response to the loss of Alsace and Lorraine
    • The transition from military to civilian administration in colonies
    • The cultural implications of empire and colonialism in France
    • The decline of the French empire post-World War I

    Students will analyze how colonialism influenced France's identity and its perception on the global stage.

  • This module investigates the origins of World War I, emphasizing the diplomatic landscape of Europe. Key topics include:

    • The formation of improbable alliances among nations
    • The ideological compromise between France and Russia
    • The role of imperial ambitions in escalating tensions
    • The growth of nationalist sentiment leading to conflict

    Students will assess how these factors contributed to the outbreak of war and shaped European history.

  • Trench Warfare
    John Merriman

    This module examines the experience of trench warfare during World War I, focusing on its psychological and physical toll. Key points include:

    • The concept of sacred union among French political parties
    • The German invasion's impact on French morale and national investment in the war
    • The introduction of new weaponry and trench warfare tactics
    • The gruesome realities faced by soldiers on all fronts

    Students will analyze how these experiences influenced public perception and collective memory of the war.

  • The Home Front
    John Merriman

    This module focuses on the home front in France during World War I, particularly in the pivotal year of 1917. Discussions will include:

    • The impact of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia on French politics
    • Woodrow Wilson's entry into the war and its implications
    • The rise of mutinies and strikes among French troops
    • The challenges faced by soldiers reintegrating into civilian life post-war

    Students will assess how these factors shaped the public sentiment and political landscape during and after the war.

  • This module explores the themes of grief and memory in the aftermath of World War I. Key discussions include:

    • The human cost of war beyond mere statistics
    • The private and public dimensions of mourning
    • The significance of memorials, such as the Unknown Soldier
    • The rituals and procedures associated with bereavement in French society

    Students will analyze how collective grief influenced national identity and memory in post-war France.

  • The Popular Front
    John Merriman

    This module investigates the emergence of the Popular Front in France, focusing on the political climate after World War I. Key topics include:

    • The rise of Far Right and fascist organizations in post-war France
    • The reconciliation of tensions between communists and socialists in the Popular Front
    • The economic and social conditions that led to its formation
    • The legacy of the Popular Front's reforms for French workers

    Students will analyze how the Popular Front shaped political discourse and labor rights in France.

  • This module examines Vichy France, focusing on collaboration with the Nazis during World War II. Key points include:

    • The obscured role of French collaboration post-war
    • The ideological foundation of the Vichy regime based on nationalism
    • The complexities of civilian involvement in collaboration and resistance
    • The political environment shaped by de Gaulle's vision

    Students will analyze how Vichy France's legacy has influenced contemporary French politics and identity.

  • Resistance
    John Merriman

    This module explores the nature of resistance in France during World War II. Key discussions include:

    • The core role of the communist Left in the resistance movement
    • The diverse backgrounds of resistors, including various faiths and ideologies
    • The geographical distribution of resistance movements across France
    • The importance of passive resistance among civilians during the occupation

    Students will analyze how these elements shaped the narrative of resistance in France and its historical significance.

  • This module investigates the post-war sentiments towards Americanization in France. Key topics include:

    • The historical context of anti-Americanism directed at government and corporations
    • The implications of the Marshall Plan on French perceptions
    • The establishment of American military bases in France
    • The reaction to the influx of American products and cultural imports

    Students will analyze how these dynamics have shaped contemporary French attitudes toward American influence.

  • Vietnam and Algeria
    John Merriman

    This module examines the complexities of France's colonial territories, particularly Algeria, post-World War II. Key discussions include:

    • The significance of Algeria for French national identity and politics
    • The involvement of French settlers, known as pieds-noirs
    • The right-wing factions' resistance against Algerian independence
    • The impact of de Gaulle's withdrawal from Algeria on political discourse

    Students will analyze how these colonial legacies continue to affect contemporary French political life and identity.

  • Charles De Gaulle
    John Merriman

    This module focuses on Charles de Gaulle's influence in postwar France, exploring his political and symbolic significance. Key discussions include:

    • De Gaulle's role in shaping modern French politics
    • The construction of his authority in relation to the French populace
    • The ideological environment shaped by U.S.-Soviet opposition
    • The lasting impact of de Gaulle's symbolic originality on French identity

    Students will analyze how de Gaulle's legacy continues to shape contemporary perceptions of leadership and national identity in France.

  • May 1968
    John Merriman

    This module explores the student protests of May 1968 in France, connecting them to broader international movements. Key topics include:

    • The links between May 1968 protests and global anti-war sentiments
    • The conditions in French schools that fueled student discontent
    • Comparisons between contemporary reform efforts and those of 1968
    • The ongoing relevance of these protests in modern French society

    Students will analyze the impact of May 1968 on French cultural and political landscapes.

  • Immigration
    John Merriman

    This module examines the challenges posed by immigration and European unification in contemporary France. Key discussions include:

    • The rise of xenophobia and its impact on French culture
    • The implications of the European Constitution referendum defeat
    • The threat to the national ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity
    • Ongoing issues surrounding identity and immigration policy

    Students will analyze the complexities of immigration in shaping contemporary French society and culture.